/*
    * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
    * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
    * distributed with this work for additional information
    * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
    * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
    * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
    * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    *
   *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
   * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
   * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
   * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
   * specific language governing permissions and limitations
   * under the License.
   */
  package org.eclipse.aether.util.graph.transformer;
  
  import java.util.ArrayList;
  import java.util.Collection;
  import java.util.Collections;
  import java.util.HashMap;
  import java.util.HashSet;
  import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
  import java.util.Iterator;
  import java.util.List;
  import java.util.ListIterator;
  import java.util.Map;
  import java.util.Objects;
  
  import org.eclipse.aether.RepositoryException;
  import org.eclipse.aether.artifact.Artifact;
  import org.eclipse.aether.collection.DependencyGraphTransformationContext;
  import org.eclipse.aether.graph.DefaultDependencyNode;
  import org.eclipse.aether.graph.Dependency;
  import org.eclipse.aether.graph.DependencyNode;
  import org.eclipse.aether.util.artifact.ArtifactIdUtils;
  
  import static java.util.Objects.requireNonNull;
  
  /**
   * A legacy dependency graph transformer that resolves version and scope conflicts among dependencies.
   * This implementation maintains backward compatibility with Maven 3.x and Resolver 1.x behavior but has
   * O(N²) worst-case performance characteristics. For new projects, consider using {@link PathConflictResolver}.
   * <p>
   * For a given set of conflicting nodes, one node will be chosen as the winner. How losing nodes are handled
   * depends on the configured verbosity level: they may be removed entirely, have their children removed, or
   * be left in place with conflict information. The exact rules by which a winning node and its effective scope
   * are determined are controlled by user-supplied implementations of {@link ConflictResolver.VersionSelector}, {@link ConflictResolver.ScopeSelector},
   * {@link ConflictResolver.OptionalitySelector} and {@link ConflictResolver.ScopeDeriver}.
   * <p>
   * <strong>Performance Characteristics:</strong>
   * <ul>
   * <li><strong>Time Complexity:</strong> O(N²) worst-case where N is the number of dependency nodes</li>
   * <li><strong>Memory Usage:</strong> Modifies the dependency graph in-place</li>
   * <li><strong>Scalability:</strong> Performance degrades significantly on large multi-module projects</li>
   * </ul>
   * <p>
   * <strong>Algorithm Overview:</strong>
   * <ol>
   * <li><strong>Depth-First Traversal:</strong> Walks the dependency graph depth-first</li>
   * <li><strong>In-Place Modification:</strong> Modifies nodes directly during traversal</li>
   * <li><strong>Conflict Detection:</strong> Identifies conflicts by comparing conflict IDs</li>
   * <li><strong>Winner Selection:</strong> Uses provided selectors to choose winners</li>
   * <li><strong>Loser Removal:</strong> Removes or marks losing nodes during traversal</li>
   * </ol>
   * <p>
   * <strong>When to Use:</strong>
   * <ul>
   * <li>Exact backward compatibility with Maven 3.x/Resolver 1.x is required</li>
   * <li>Debugging performance differences between old and new algorithms</li>
   * <li>Small projects where performance is not a concern</li>
   * <li>Testing and validation scenarios</li>
   * </ul>
   * <p>
   * <strong>Migration Recommendation:</strong> New projects should use {@link PathConflictResolver} for better
   * performance. This implementation is retained primarily for compatibility and testing purposes.
   * <p>
   * <strong>Implementation Note:</strong> This conflict resolver is identical to the one used in Maven 3/Resolver 1.x.
   * The implementation may produce O(N²) worst-case performance on projects with many small conflict groups
   * (typically one member each), which is common in large multi-module projects.
   *
   * @see PathConflictResolver
   * @since 2.0.11
   */
  public final class ClassicConflictResolver extends ConflictResolver {
      private final ConflictResolver.VersionSelector versionSelector;
      private final ConflictResolver.ScopeSelector scopeSelector;
      private final ConflictResolver.ScopeDeriver scopeDeriver;
      private final ConflictResolver.OptionalitySelector optionalitySelector;
  
      /**
       * Creates a new conflict resolver instance with the specified hooks.
       *
       * @param versionSelector The version selector to use, must not be {@code null}.
       * @param scopeSelector The scope selector to use, must not be {@code null}.
       * @param optionalitySelector The optionality selector ot use, must not be {@code null}.
      * @param scopeDeriver The scope deriver to use, must not be {@code null}.
      */
     public ClassicConflictResolver(
             ConflictResolver.VersionSelector versionSelector,
             ConflictResolver.ScopeSelector scopeSelector,
             ConflictResolver.OptionalitySelector optionalitySelector,
             ConflictResolver.ScopeDeriver scopeDeriver) {
         this.versionSelector = requireNonNull(versionSelector, "version selector cannot be null");
         this.scopeSelector = requireNonNull(scopeSelector, "scope selector cannot be null");
         this.optionalitySelector = requireNonNull(optionalitySelector, "optionality selector cannot be null");
         this.scopeDeriver = requireNonNull(scopeDeriver, "scope deriver cannot be null");
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     @Override
     public DependencyNode transformGraph(DependencyNode node, DependencyGraphTransformationContext context)
             throws RepositoryException {
         requireNonNull(node, "node cannot be null");
         requireNonNull(context, "context cannot be null");
         List<String> sortedConflictIds = (List<String>) context.get(TransformationContextKeys.SORTED_CONFLICT_IDS);
         if (sortedConflictIds == null) {
             ConflictIdSorter sorter = new ConflictIdSorter();
             sorter.transformGraph(node, context);
 
             sortedConflictIds = (List<String>) context.get(TransformationContextKeys.SORTED_CONFLICT_IDS);
         }
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Map<String, Object> stats = (Map<String, Object>) context.get(TransformationContextKeys.STATS);
         long time1 = System.nanoTime();
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         Collection<Collection<String>> conflictIdCycles =
                 (Collection<Collection<String>>) context.get(TransformationContextKeys.CYCLIC_CONFLICT_IDS);
         if (conflictIdCycles == null) {
             throw new RepositoryException("conflict id cycles have not been identified");
         }
 
         Map<DependencyNode, String> conflictIds =
                 (Map<DependencyNode, String>) context.get(TransformationContextKeys.CONFLICT_IDS);
         if (conflictIds == null) {
             throw new RepositoryException("conflict groups have not been identified");
         }
 
         Map<String, Collection<String>> cyclicPredecessors = new HashMap<>();
         for (Collection<String> cycle : conflictIdCycles) {
             for (String conflictId : cycle) {
                 Collection<String> predecessors = cyclicPredecessors.computeIfAbsent(conflictId, k -> new HashSet<>());
                 predecessors.addAll(cycle);
             }
         }
 
         State state = new State(node, conflictIds, sortedConflictIds.size(), context);
         for (Iterator<String> it = sortedConflictIds.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
             String conflictId = it.next();
 
             // reset data structures for next graph walk
             state.prepare(conflictId, cyclicPredecessors.get(conflictId));
 
             // find nodes with the current conflict id and while walking the graph (more deeply), nuke leftover losers
             gatherConflictItems(node, state);
 
             // now that we know the min depth of the parents, update depth of conflict items
             state.finish();
 
             // earlier runs might have nuked all parents of the current conflict id, so it might not exist anymore
             if (!state.items.isEmpty()) {
                 ConflictContext ctx = state.conflictCtx;
                 state.versionSelector.selectVersion(ctx);
                 if (ctx.winner == null) {
                     throw new RepositoryException("conflict resolver did not select winner among " + state.items);
                 }
                 DependencyNode winner = ((ConflictItem) (ctx.winner)).node;
 
                 state.scopeSelector.selectScope(ctx);
                 if (ConflictResolver.Verbosity.NONE != state.verbosity) {
                     winner.setData(
                             ConflictResolver.NODE_DATA_ORIGINAL_SCOPE,
                             winner.getDependency().getScope());
                 }
                 winner.setScope(ctx.scope);
 
                 state.optionalitySelector.selectOptionality(ctx);
                 if (ConflictResolver.Verbosity.NONE != state.verbosity) {
                     winner.setData(
                             ConflictResolver.NODE_DATA_ORIGINAL_OPTIONALITY,
                             winner.getDependency().isOptional());
                 }
                 winner.setOptional(ctx.optional);
 
                 removeLosers(state);
             }
 
             // record the winner so we can detect leftover losers during future graph walks
             state.winner();
 
             // in case of cycles, trigger final graph walk to ensure all leftover losers are gone
             if (!it.hasNext() && !conflictIdCycles.isEmpty() && state.conflictCtx.winner != null) {
                 DependencyNode winner = ((ConflictItem) (state.conflictCtx).winner).node;
                 // Note: using non-existing key here (empty) as that one for sure was not met
                 state.prepare("", null);
                 gatherConflictItems(winner, state);
             }
         }
 
         if (stats != null) {
             long time2 = System.nanoTime();
             stats.put("ConflictResolver.totalTime", time2 - time1);
             stats.put("ConflictResolver.conflictItemCount", state.totalConflictItems);
         }
 
         return node;
     }
 
     private boolean gatherConflictItems(DependencyNode node, State state) throws RepositoryException {
         String conflictId = state.conflictIds.get(node);
         if (state.currentId.equals(conflictId)) {
             // found it, add conflict item (if not already done earlier by another path)
             state.add(node);
             // we don't recurse here so we might miss losers beneath us, those will be nuked during future walks below
         } else if (state.loser(node, conflictId)) {
             // found a leftover loser (likely in a cycle) of an already processed conflict id, tell caller to nuke it
             return false;
         } else if (state.push(node, conflictId)) {
             // found potential parent, no cycle and not visited before with the same derived scope, so recurse
             for (Iterator<DependencyNode> it = node.getChildren().iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
                 DependencyNode child = it.next();
                 if (!gatherConflictItems(child, state)) {
                     it.remove();
                 }
             }
             state.pop();
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     private static void removeLosers(State state) {
         ConflictItem winner = ((ConflictItem) state.conflictCtx.winner);
         String winnerArtifactId = ArtifactIdUtils.toId(winner.node.getArtifact());
         List<DependencyNode> previousParent = null;
         ListIterator<DependencyNode> childIt = null;
         HashSet<String> toRemoveIds = new HashSet<>();
         for (ConflictItem item : state.items) {
             if (item == winner) {
                 continue;
             }
             if (item.parent != previousParent) {
                 childIt = item.parent.listIterator();
                 previousParent = item.parent;
             }
             while (childIt.hasNext()) {
                 DependencyNode child = childIt.next();
                 if (child == item.node) {
                     // NONE: just remove it and done
                     if (ConflictResolver.Verbosity.NONE == state.verbosity) {
                         childIt.remove();
                         break;
                     }
 
                     // STANDARD: doing extra bookkeeping to select "which nodes to remove"
                     if (ConflictResolver.Verbosity.STANDARD == state.verbosity) {
                         String childArtifactId = ArtifactIdUtils.toId(child.getArtifact());
                         // if two IDs are equal, it means "there is nearest", not conflict per se.
                         // In that case we do NOT allow this child to be removed (but remove others)
                         // and this keeps us safe from iteration (and in general, version) ordering
                         // as we explicitly leave out ID that is "nearest found" state.
                         //
                         // This tackles version ranges mostly, where ranges are turned into list of
                         // several nodes in collector (as many were discovered, ie. from metadata), and
                         // old code would just "mark" the first hit as conflict, and remove the rest,
                         // even if rest could contain "more suitable" version, that is not conflicting/diverging.
                         // This resulted in verbose mode transformed tree, that was misrepresenting things
                         // for dependency convergence calculations: it represented state like parent node
                         // depends on "wrong" version (diverge), while "right" version was present (but removed)
                         // as well, as it was contained in parents version range.
                         if (!Objects.equals(winnerArtifactId, childArtifactId)) {
                             toRemoveIds.add(childArtifactId);
                         }
                     }
 
                     // FULL: just record the facts
                     DependencyNode loser = new DefaultDependencyNode(child);
                     loser.setData(ConflictResolver.NODE_DATA_WINNER, winner.node);
                     loser.setData(
                             ConflictResolver.NODE_DATA_ORIGINAL_SCOPE,
                             loser.getDependency().getScope());
                     loser.setData(
                             ConflictResolver.NODE_DATA_ORIGINAL_OPTIONALITY,
                             loser.getDependency().isOptional());
                     loser.setScope(item.getScopes().iterator().next());
                     loser.setChildren(Collections.emptyList());
                     childIt.set(loser);
                     item.node = loser;
                     break;
                 }
             }
         }
 
         // 2nd pass to apply "standard" verbosity: leaving only 1 loser, but with care
         if (ConflictResolver.Verbosity.STANDARD == state.verbosity && !toRemoveIds.isEmpty()) {
             previousParent = null;
             for (ConflictItem item : state.items) {
                 if (item == winner) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 if (item.parent != previousParent) {
                     childIt = item.parent.listIterator();
                     previousParent = item.parent;
                 }
                 while (childIt.hasNext()) {
                     DependencyNode child = childIt.next();
                     if (child == item.node) {
                         String childArtifactId = ArtifactIdUtils.toId(child.getArtifact());
                         if (toRemoveIds.contains(childArtifactId)
                                 && relatedSiblingsCount(child.getArtifact(), item.parent) > 1) {
                             childIt.remove();
                         }
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
 
         // there might still be losers beneath the winner (e.g. in case of cycles)
         // those will be nuked during future graph walks when we include the winner in the recursion
     }
 
     private static long relatedSiblingsCount(Artifact artifact, List<DependencyNode> parent) {
         String ga = artifact.getGroupId() + ":" + artifact.getArtifactId();
         return parent.stream()
                 .map(DependencyNode::getArtifact)
                 .filter(a -> ga.equals(a.getGroupId() + ":" + a.getArtifactId()))
                 .count();
     }
 
     static final class NodeInfo {
 
         /**
          * The smallest depth at which the node was seen, used for "the" depth of its conflict items.
          */
         int minDepth;
 
         /**
          * The set of derived scopes the node was visited with, used to check whether an already seen node needs to be
          * revisited again in context of another scope. To conserve memory, we start with {@code String} and update to
          * {@code Set<String>} if needed.
          */
         Object derivedScopes;
 
         /**
          * The set of derived optionalities the node was visited with, used to check whether an already seen node needs
          * to be revisited again in context of another optionality. To conserve memory, encoded as bit field (bit 0 ->
          * optional=false, bit 1 -> optional=true).
          */
         int derivedOptionalities;
 
         /**
          * The conflict items which are immediate children of the node, used to easily update those conflict items after
          * a new parent scope/optionality was encountered.
          */
         List<ConflictItem> children;
 
         static final int CHANGE_SCOPE = 0x01;
 
         static final int CHANGE_OPTIONAL = 0x02;
 
         private static final int OPT_FALSE = 0x01;
 
         private static final int OPT_TRUE = 0x02;
 
         NodeInfo(int depth, String derivedScope, boolean optional) {
             minDepth = depth;
             derivedScopes = derivedScope;
             derivedOptionalities = optional ? OPT_TRUE : OPT_FALSE;
         }
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         int update(int depth, String derivedScope, boolean optional) {
             if (depth < minDepth) {
                 minDepth = depth;
             }
             int changes;
             if (derivedScopes.equals(derivedScope)) {
                 changes = 0;
             } else if (derivedScopes instanceof Collection) {
                 changes = ((Collection<String>) derivedScopes).add(derivedScope) ? CHANGE_SCOPE : 0;
             } else {
                 Collection<String> scopes = new HashSet<>();
                 scopes.add((String) derivedScopes);
                 scopes.add(derivedScope);
                 derivedScopes = scopes;
                 changes = CHANGE_SCOPE;
             }
             int bit = optional ? OPT_TRUE : OPT_FALSE;
             if ((derivedOptionalities & bit) == 0) {
                 derivedOptionalities |= bit;
                 changes |= CHANGE_OPTIONAL;
             }
             return changes;
         }
 
         void add(ConflictItem item) {
             if (children == null) {
                 children = new ArrayList<>(1);
             }
             children.add(item);
         }
     }
 
     final class State {
 
         /**
          * The conflict id currently processed.
          */
         String currentId;
 
         /**
          * Stats counter.
          */
         int totalConflictItems;
 
         /**
          * Flag whether we should keep losers in the graph to enable visualization/troubleshooting of conflicts.
          */
         final ConflictResolver.Verbosity verbosity;
 
         /**
          * A mapping from conflict id to winner node, helps to recognize nodes that have their effective
          * scope&optionality set or are leftovers from previous removals.
          */
         final Map<String, DependencyNode> resolvedIds;
 
         /**
          * The set of conflict ids which could apply to ancestors of nodes with the current conflict id, used to avoid
          * recursion early on. This is basically a superset of the key set of resolvedIds, the additional ids account
          * for cyclic dependencies.
          */
         final Collection<String> potentialAncestorIds;
 
         /**
          * The output from the conflict marker
          */
         final Map<DependencyNode, String> conflictIds;
 
         /**
          * The conflict items we have gathered so far for the current conflict id.
          */
         final List<ConflictItem> items;
 
         /**
          * The (conceptual) mapping from nodes to extra infos, technically keyed by the node's child list which better
          * captures the identity of a node since we're basically concerned with effects towards children.
          */
         final Map<List<DependencyNode>, NodeInfo> infos;
 
         /**
          * The set of nodes on the DFS stack to detect cycles, technically keyed by the node's child list to match the
          * dirty graph structure produced by the dependency collector for cycles.
          */
         final Map<List<DependencyNode>, Boolean> stack;
 
         /**
          * The stack of parent nodes.
          */
         final List<DependencyNode> parentNodes;
 
         /**
          * The stack of derived scopes for parent nodes.
          */
         final List<String> parentScopes;
 
         /**
          * The stack of derived optional flags for parent nodes.
          */
         final List<Boolean> parentOptionals;
 
         /**
          * The stack of node infos for parent nodes, may contain {@code null} which is used to disable creating new
          * conflict items when visiting their parent again (conflict items are meant to be unique by parent-node combo).
          */
         final List<NodeInfo> parentInfos;
 
         /**
          * The conflict context passed to the version/scope/optionality selectors, updated as we move along rather than
          * recreated to avoid tmp objects.
          */
         final ConflictContext conflictCtx;
 
         /**
          * The scope context passed to the scope deriver, updated as we move along rather than recreated to avoid tmp
          * objects.
          */
         final ScopeContext scopeCtx;
 
         /**
          * The effective version selector, i.e. after initialization.
          */
         final ConflictResolver.VersionSelector versionSelector;
 
         /**
          * The effective scope selector, i.e. after initialization.
          */
         final ConflictResolver.ScopeSelector scopeSelector;
 
         /**
          * The effective scope deriver, i.e. after initialization.
          */
         final ConflictResolver.ScopeDeriver scopeDeriver;
 
         /**
          * The effective optionality selector, i.e. after initialization.
          */
         final ConflictResolver.OptionalitySelector optionalitySelector;
 
         State(
                 DependencyNode root,
                 Map<DependencyNode, String> conflictIds,
                 int conflictIdCount,
                 DependencyGraphTransformationContext context)
                 throws RepositoryException {
             this.conflictIds = conflictIds;
             this.verbosity = ConflictResolver.getVerbosity(context.getSession());
             potentialAncestorIds = new HashSet<>(conflictIdCount * 2);
             resolvedIds = new HashMap<>(conflictIdCount * 2);
             items = new ArrayList<>(256);
             infos = new IdentityHashMap<>(64);
             stack = new IdentityHashMap<>(64);
             parentNodes = new ArrayList<>(64);
             parentScopes = new ArrayList<>(64);
             parentOptionals = new ArrayList<>(64);
             parentInfos = new ArrayList<>(64);
             conflictCtx = new ConflictContext(root, conflictIds, items);
             scopeCtx = new ScopeContext(null, null);
             versionSelector = ClassicConflictResolver.this.versionSelector.getInstance(root, context);
             scopeSelector = ClassicConflictResolver.this.scopeSelector.getInstance(root, context);
             scopeDeriver = ClassicConflictResolver.this.scopeDeriver.getInstance(root, context);
             optionalitySelector = ClassicConflictResolver.this.optionalitySelector.getInstance(root, context);
         }
 
         void prepare(String conflictId, Collection<String> cyclicPredecessors) {
             currentId = conflictId;
             conflictCtx.conflictId = conflictId;
             conflictCtx.winner = null;
             conflictCtx.scope = null;
             conflictCtx.optional = null;
             items.clear();
             infos.clear();
             if (cyclicPredecessors != null) {
                 potentialAncestorIds.addAll(cyclicPredecessors);
             }
         }
 
         void finish() {
             List<DependencyNode> previousParent = null;
             int previousDepth = 0;
             totalConflictItems += items.size();
             for (ListIterator<ConflictItem> iterator = items.listIterator(items.size()); iterator.hasPrevious(); ) {
                 ConflictItem item = iterator.previous();
                 if (item.parent == previousParent) {
                     item.depth = previousDepth;
                 } else if (item.parent != null) {
                     previousParent = item.parent;
                     NodeInfo info = infos.get(previousParent);
                     previousDepth = info.minDepth + 1;
                     item.depth = previousDepth;
                 }
             }
             potentialAncestorIds.add(currentId);
         }
 
         void winner() {
             resolvedIds.put(currentId, (conflictCtx.winner != null) ? ((ConflictItem) conflictCtx.winner).node : null);
         }
 
         boolean loser(DependencyNode node, String conflictId) {
             DependencyNode winner = resolvedIds.get(conflictId);
             return winner != null && winner != node;
         }
 
         boolean push(DependencyNode node, String conflictId) throws RepositoryException {
             if (conflictId == null) {
                 if (node.getDependency() != null) {
                     if (node.getData().get(ConflictResolver.NODE_DATA_WINNER) != null) {
                         return false;
                     }
                     throw new RepositoryException("missing conflict id for node " + node);
                 }
             } else if (!potentialAncestorIds.contains(conflictId)) {
                 return false;
             }
 
             List<DependencyNode> graphNode = node.getChildren();
             if (stack.put(graphNode, Boolean.TRUE) != null) {
                 return false;
             }
 
             int depth = depth();
             String scope = deriveScope(node, conflictId);
             boolean optional = deriveOptional(node, conflictId);
             NodeInfo info = infos.get(graphNode);
             if (info == null) {
                 info = new NodeInfo(depth, scope, optional);
                 infos.put(graphNode, info);
                 parentInfos.add(info);
                 parentNodes.add(node);
                 parentScopes.add(scope);
                 parentOptionals.add(optional);
             } else {
                 int changes = info.update(depth, scope, optional);
                 if (changes == 0) {
                     stack.remove(graphNode);
                     return false;
                 }
                 parentInfos.add(null); // disable creating new conflict items, we update the existing ones below
                 parentNodes.add(node);
                 parentScopes.add(scope);
                 parentOptionals.add(optional);
                 if (info.children != null) {
                     if ((changes & NodeInfo.CHANGE_SCOPE) != 0) {
                         ListIterator<ConflictItem> itemIterator = info.children.listIterator(info.children.size());
                         while (itemIterator.hasPrevious()) {
                             ConflictItem item = itemIterator.previous();
                             String childScope = deriveScope(item.node, null);
                             item.addScope(childScope);
                         }
                     }
                     if ((changes & NodeInfo.CHANGE_OPTIONAL) != 0) {
                         ListIterator<ConflictItem> itemIterator = info.children.listIterator(info.children.size());
                         while (itemIterator.hasPrevious()) {
                             ConflictItem item = itemIterator.previous();
                             boolean childOptional = deriveOptional(item.node, null);
                             item.addOptional(childOptional);
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             return true;
         }
 
         void pop() {
             int last = parentInfos.size() - 1;
             parentInfos.remove(last);
             parentScopes.remove(last);
             parentOptionals.remove(last);
             DependencyNode node = parentNodes.remove(last);
             stack.remove(node.getChildren());
         }
 
         void add(DependencyNode node) throws RepositoryException {
             DependencyNode parent = parent();
             if (parent == null) {
                 ConflictItem item = newConflictItem(parent, node);
                 items.add(item);
             } else {
                 NodeInfo info = parentInfos.get(parentInfos.size() - 1);
                 if (info != null) {
                     ConflictItem item = newConflictItem(parent, node);
                     info.add(item);
                     items.add(item);
                 }
             }
         }
 
         private ConflictItem newConflictItem(DependencyNode parent, DependencyNode node) throws RepositoryException {
             return new ConflictItem(parent, node, deriveScope(node, null), deriveOptional(node, null));
         }
 
         private int depth() {
             return parentNodes.size();
         }
 
         private DependencyNode parent() {
             int size = parentNodes.size();
             return (size <= 0) ? null : parentNodes.get(size - 1);
         }
 
         private String deriveScope(DependencyNode node, String conflictId) throws RepositoryException {
             if ((node.getManagedBits() & DependencyNode.MANAGED_SCOPE) != 0
                     || (conflictId != null && resolvedIds.containsKey(conflictId))) {
                 return scope(node.getDependency());
             }
 
             int depth = parentNodes.size();
             scopes(depth, node.getDependency());
             if (depth > 0) {
                 scopeDeriver.deriveScope(scopeCtx);
             }
             return scopeCtx.derivedScope;
         }
 
         private void scopes(int parent, Dependency child) {
             scopeCtx.parentScope = (parent > 0) ? parentScopes.get(parent - 1) : null;
             scopeCtx.derivedScope = scope(child);
             scopeCtx.childScope = scope(child);
         }
 
         private String scope(Dependency dependency) {
             return (dependency != null) ? dependency.getScope() : null;
         }
 
         private boolean deriveOptional(DependencyNode node, String conflictId) {
             Dependency dep = node.getDependency();
             boolean optional = (dep != null) && dep.isOptional();
             if (optional
                     || (node.getManagedBits() & DependencyNode.MANAGED_OPTIONAL) != 0
                     || (conflictId != null && resolvedIds.containsKey(conflictId))) {
                 return optional;
             }
             int depth = parentNodes.size();
             return (depth > 0) ? parentOptionals.get(depth - 1) : false;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * A context used to hold information that is relevant for deriving the scope of a child dependency.
      *
      * @see ConflictResolver.ScopeDeriver
      * @noinstantiate This class is not intended to be instantiated by clients in production code, the constructor may
      *                change without notice and only exists to enable unit testing.
      */
     private static final class ScopeContext extends ConflictResolver.ScopeContext {
         private String parentScope;
         private String childScope;
         private String derivedScope;
 
         /**
          * Creates a new scope context with the specified properties.
          *
          * @param parentScope The scope of the parent dependency, may be {@code null}.
          * @param childScope The scope of the child dependency, may be {@code null}.
          * @noreference This class is not intended to be instantiated by clients in production code, the constructor may
          *              change without notice and only exists to enable unit testing.
          */
         private ScopeContext(String parentScope, String childScope) {
             this.parentScope = (parentScope != null) ? parentScope : "";
             derivedScope = (childScope != null) ? childScope : "";
             this.childScope = (childScope != null) ? childScope : "";
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the scope of the parent dependency. This is usually the scope that was derived by earlier invocations of
          * the scope deriver.
          *
          * @return The scope of the parent dependency, never {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public String getParentScope() {
             return parentScope;
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the original scope of the child dependency. This is the scope that was declared in the artifact
          * descriptor of the parent dependency.
          *
          * @return The original scope of the child dependency, never {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public String getChildScope() {
             return childScope;
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the derived scope of the child dependency. This is initially equal to {@link #getChildScope()} until the
          * scope deriver makes changes.
          *
          * @return The derived scope of the child dependency, never {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public String getDerivedScope() {
             return derivedScope;
         }
 
         /**
          * Sets the derived scope of the child dependency.
          *
          * @param derivedScope The derived scope of the dependency, may be {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public void setDerivedScope(String derivedScope) {
             this.derivedScope = (derivedScope != null) ? derivedScope : "";
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * A conflicting dependency.
      *
      * @noinstantiate This class is not intended to be instantiated by clients in production code, the constructor may
      *                change without notice and only exists to enable unit testing.
      */
     private static final class ConflictItem extends ConflictResolver.ConflictItem {
 
         // nodes can share child lists, we care about the unique owner of a child node which is the child list
         final List<DependencyNode> parent;
 
         // only for debugging/toString() to help identify the parent node(s)
         final Artifact artifact;
 
         // is mutable as removeLosers will mutate it (if Verbosity==STANDARD)
         DependencyNode node;
 
         int depth;
 
         // we start with String and update to Set<String> if needed
         Object scopes;
 
         // bit field of OPTIONAL_FALSE and OPTIONAL_TRUE
         int optionalities;
 
         /**
          * Bit flag indicating whether one or more paths consider the dependency non-optional.
          */
         public static final int OPTIONAL_FALSE = 0x01;
 
         /**
          * Bit flag indicating whether one or more paths consider the dependency optional.
          */
         public static final int OPTIONAL_TRUE = 0x02;
 
         private ConflictItem(DependencyNode parent, DependencyNode node, String scope, boolean optional) {
             if (parent != null) {
                 this.parent = parent.getChildren();
                 this.artifact = parent.getArtifact();
             } else {
                 this.parent = null;
                 this.artifact = null;
             }
             this.node = node;
             this.scopes = scope;
             this.optionalities = optional ? OPTIONAL_TRUE : OPTIONAL_FALSE;
         }
 
         /**
          * Determines whether the specified conflict item is a sibling of this item.
          *
          * @param item The other conflict item, must not be {@code null}.
          * @return {@code true} if the given item has the same parent as this item, {@code false} otherwise.
          */
         @Override
         public boolean isSibling(ConflictResolver.ConflictItem item) {
             return parent == ((ConflictItem) item).parent;
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the dependency node involved in the conflict.
          *
          * @return The involved dependency node, never {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public DependencyNode getNode() {
             return node;
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the dependency involved in the conflict, short for {@code getNode.getDependency()}.
          *
          * @return The involved dependency, never {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public Dependency getDependency() {
             return node.getDependency();
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the zero-based depth at which the conflicting node occurs in the graph. As such, the depth denotes the
          * number of parent nodes. If actually multiple paths lead to the node, the return value denotes the smallest
          * possible depth.
          *
          * @return The zero-based depth of the node in the graph.
          */
         @Override
         public int getDepth() {
             return depth;
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the derived scopes of the dependency. In general, the same dependency node could be reached via
          * different paths and each path might result in a different derived scope.
          *
          * @see ConflictResolver.ScopeDeriver
          * @return The (read-only) set of derived scopes of the dependency, never {@code null}.
          */
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         @Override
         public Collection<String> getScopes() {
             if (scopes instanceof String) {
                 return Collections.singleton((String) scopes);
             }
             return (Collection<String>) scopes;
         }
 
         @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
         void addScope(String scope) {
             if (scopes instanceof Collection) {
                 ((Collection<String>) scopes).add(scope);
             } else if (!scopes.equals(scope)) {
                 Collection<String> set = new HashSet<>();
                 set.add((String) scopes);
                 set.add(scope);
                 scopes = set;
             }
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the derived optionalities of the dependency. In general, the same dependency node could be reached via
          * different paths and each path might result in a different derived optionality.
          *
          * @return A bit field consisting of {@link ConflictResolver.ConflictItem#OPTIONAL_FALSE} and/or
          *         {@link ConflictResolver.ConflictItem#OPTIONAL_TRUE} indicating the derived optionalities the
          *         dependency was encountered with.
          */
         @Override
         public int getOptionalities() {
             return optionalities;
         }
 
         void addOptional(boolean optional) {
             optionalities |= optional ? OPTIONAL_TRUE : OPTIONAL_FALSE;
         }
 
         @Override
         public String toString() {
             return node + " @ " + depth + " < " + artifact;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * A context used to hold information that is relevant for resolving version and scope conflicts.
      *
      * @see ConflictResolver.VersionSelector
      * @see ConflictResolver.ScopeSelector
      * @noinstantiate This class is not intended to be instantiated by clients in production code, the constructor may
      *                change without notice and only exists to enable unit testing.
      */
     private static final class ConflictContext extends ConflictResolver.ConflictContext {
         final DependencyNode root;
         final Map<DependencyNode, String> conflictIds;
         final Collection<ConflictResolver.ConflictItem> items;
 
         String conflictId;
         ConflictResolver.ConflictItem winner;
         String scope;
         Boolean optional;
 
         private ConflictContext(
                 DependencyNode root, Map<DependencyNode, String> conflictIds, Collection<ConflictItem> items) {
             this.root = root;
             this.conflictIds = conflictIds;
             this.items = Collections.unmodifiableCollection(items);
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the root node of the dependency graph being transformed.
          *
          * @return The root node of the dependency graph, never {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public DependencyNode getRoot() {
             return root;
         }
 
         /**
          * Determines whether the specified dependency node belongs to this conflict context.
          *
          * @param node The dependency node to check, must not be {@code null}.
          * @return {@code true} if the given node belongs to this conflict context, {@code false} otherwise.
          */
         @Override
         public boolean isIncluded(DependencyNode node) {
             return conflictId.equals(conflictIds.get(node));
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the collection of conflict items in this context.
          *
          * @return The (read-only) collection of conflict items in this context, never {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public Collection<ConflictResolver.ConflictItem> getItems() {
             return items;
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the conflict item which has been selected as the winner among the conflicting dependencies.
          *
          * @return The winning conflict item or {@code null} if not set yet.
          */
         @Override
         public ConflictResolver.ConflictItem getWinner() {
             return winner;
         }
 
         /**
          * Sets the conflict item which has been selected as the winner among the conflicting dependencies.
          *
          * @param winner The winning conflict item, may be {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public void setWinner(ConflictResolver.ConflictItem winner) {
             this.winner = winner;
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the effective scope of the winning dependency.
          *
          * @return The effective scope of the winning dependency or {@code null} if none.
          */
         @Override
         public String getScope() {
             return scope;
         }
 
         /**
          * Sets the effective scope of the winning dependency.
          *
          * @param scope The effective scope, may be {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public void setScope(String scope) {
             this.scope = scope;
         }
 
         /**
          * Gets the effective optional flag of the winning dependency.
          *
          * @return The effective optional flag or {@code null} if none.
          */
         @Override
         public Boolean getOptional() {
             return optional;
         }
 
         /**
          * Sets the effective optional flag of the winning dependency.
          *
          * @param optional The effective optional flag, may be {@code null}.
          */
         @Override
         public void setOptional(Boolean optional) {
             this.optional = optional;
         }
 
         @Override
         public String toString() {
             return winner + " @ " + scope + " < " + items;
         }
     }
 }